Georg Simmel Domination and Freedom Essay Example

Georg Simmel Domination and Freedom Essay Example Georg Simmel Domination and Freedom Paper Georg Simmel Domination and Freedom Paper Georg Simmel, in his work â€Å"Domination and Freedom†, identifies domination as a form of interaction. He claims that both the superordinate and the subordinate parties interact intentionally. By this assumption, he concludes that domination never totally kills freedom unless there is a case of physical force executed on subjugated party. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that Simmel’s argument advocating that mentioned interaction is mutually determined is fallacious. Simmel definitely misses a point while constructing his ideas on the nature of domination: the subordinate does not essentially interact intentionally. According to Simmel, authority is established in two different ways. In first, a significant person acquires authority by his excelling decisions and merely subjective personality. Thus, superordinate enjoys being the focus of objectivity in his environment. In the other case, a super-individual power such as state blesses a person with authority. Simmel uses the term generatio aequivoca, meaning spontaneous generation, to refer to the process by which authority descends upon a person. He strongly argues that in both processes there exists a voluntary faith of subjugated party. Subordinate elements are being seen as more or less voluntary participants of a sociological event. He furthermore exemplifies his argument by situation of a speaker or a teacher. A spekaer in front of an audience or a teacher in a class enjoys only a momentary superordination. : A person in such a situation sees himself as the only decision maker. However, his actions are widely determined by the mass he claims to subordinate. Simmel quotes a German party leader to empower his argument: â€Å"I am their leader, therefore I must follow them. † Simmel admits the existence of a one-sided subordination only in a medieval theory of state in which, ruler’s authority depends on subjects’ mutual contract but not on a contract between ruler and ruled. But he argues that in contemporary theories, the contract namely ‘laws’ also binds the ruler more or less. To some extent, Simmel’s arguments seem to be really convincing. On the other hand, he, in a way, attempts to narrow down the concept of freedom. Giovanni Sartori uses the term concept stretching in order to refer to attribute a meaning to a concept that it does not have (Sartori 24). Similarly, in â€Å"Domination and Freedom†, Georg Simmel takes only a narrow account of concept of freedom. For example, his ideas about how much a ruling class should regard the opinions, delicacies and propensities of public are essential in understanding power relations. Nevertheless, he chooses to foresee how ruling class manages these affairs; making the public think, care and tend to what the ruling class itself wants without recognizing the fact. He gives the example of a teacher as a seemingly superordination. Whereas, he avoids from drawing attention to a worker’s situation, in which employee and employer have a seemingly reciprocal interaction of power; but in fact, employer abuses employee’s labor. The status-quo prevents people from understanding what real freedom is, therefore making any seemingly reciprocity pointless. In conlusion, the claim of reciprocal determinance of domination articulated by Georg Simmel fails to explain power relations. He squeezes the concept of freedom into a so called ability to effect relations between subordinate and superordinate. Despite there is no physical violence as Simmel argues, nobody can say that a consumer in 21st century, whose needs, tastes and abilities determined by the system itself, has freedom. Without understanding systematic opression that modernity exercises upon people, it seems impossible to make sense of domination and freedom.

Ready, Set, Write!

Ready, Set, Write! Ready, Set, Write! Ready, Set, Write! By Erin One of the biggest problems people have with writing is getting started. A blank page (or computer screen) can be intimidating, but prewriting is a great way to overcome that intimidation. Here are some prewriting activities to help get the words flowing out of your brain and onto the page: Listing: Listing is one of the easiest things you can do to get the ideas moving. Assuming that you have a topic, just write down the topic and jot down any ideas that come to mind. Dont judge or censor ideas; just write them down. You can censor later! If you have a large or broad topic, listing can be a good way to break it down into categories or narrow the topic if necessary. Mapping: For the visually-minded, a concept map or web can be a great way to organize a jumble of ideas into something that makes sense. A concept map helps show relationships between ideas. Freewriting: Freewriting is one of my favorite ways to get the creative juices flowing. Give yourself a topic and a time limit (5 or 10 minutes usually works) and just write whatever comes into your head. Dont pay any attention to spelling or grammarjust write. When youre done, go back and pull out whatever ideas seem most useful. Freewriting is also a great way to get yourself unstuck when youve already begun but dont know where to go next. Prewriting works no matter what kind of writing youre doing. Just grab a piece of paper and a pen and go! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future30 Baseball IdiomsThrew and Through

South Africa Fashion Business Environment Assignment

South Africa Fashion Business Environment - Assignment Example The location of the boutique in Worcester Mall is strategic. The boutique is in the interesting location because it is on the wine route that is likely to have a variety of customers from not only the area but also even the international visitors. However, this might be a disadvantage if the wine tasting seasons is not booming because that will mean the customer base will be the locals only. In Craighall Mall, the boutique is located in the most expansive Suburb. However, the disadvantage is that it is very close to the Hide Park mall that also has the best customer base both international and locals the interesting thing about the local customer is that most are international diplomats. According to Jennings, paying R640.00 for a dress will not be a big deal, however, places like Durban this can be too high for some locals as the Durban culture is different from the Johannesburg culture when it comes to important things about life necessities i.e. what comes first food or fashion. In Hemmingway, the mall is located along the Two River Drive and Western Avenue. The center also offers a good site for the display of fashions. It has over 2000 stores which include jeweler’s shop, stationery and clothing shops. It also contains a variety of products At Gateway theatre the mall strategically placed to promote fashion and design. Has a sophisticated fashion and spacious site for a customer. It thus can be a better site for tourists than designs stores. Cavendish Square is located at the heart of the Cape Town. Thus has a wide variety of customers and offers good services like free trolleys and free internet. Customers are guided by the good customer service. Customers can opt to shop here due to the maximum security. The riverside mall offers excellent design services. Its location promotes ease of movement. It has 140 stores with varied fashion stores.

Is Total Quality Management Enough For Competitive Advantage Research Paper - 2

Is Total Quality Management Enough For Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example And TQM is one of the responses developed. However, currently, there are some concerns regarding its viability. As such, this paper intends to address the question Is Total Quality Management enough for competitive advantage? In lieu of this, the aims of this paper are to provide ample literature that will reinforce and attest to the positive aspects of TQM and at the same time explain its ramifications in the business context. And more importantly, to gain insight regarding TQM and competitive advantage. In order to achieve these aims, in this research, historical or library research has been undertaken together with a qualitative interview of actual practitioners of TQM. In the library research undertaken, numerous secondary data that are made available and are deemed significant in attaining a clearer and better understanding of TQM and its positive aspects are utilised for the literature review. Together with the literature review, primary research has also been undertaken to get first-hand information regarding TQM from the scholars and actual practitioners of the field. The collection of primary data is significant as it pertains to the actual experience of people who are actually adapting and using TQM in their respective companies. Through the research study, it has been found out that TQM is undeniably advantageous to corporations or organisations that employ it. Several advantages have been found out in the course of the research. A significant finding is a hesitance among the interviewed practitioners of TQM when asked whether TQM is enough to attain competitive advantage. It can be claimed that the aims of this paper have been achieved and that the limitations posed by this paper open new avenues for further research. Globalisation is a contemporary phenomenon known only within the last fifty years (Soros, 2002).

The Unknown Citizen Explication Essay Example for Free

The Unknown Citizen Explication Essay Several conflicts are dramatized in The Unknown Citizen, the most prominent being: conformity of the middle class, government manipulation, and the loss of individualism to the standards of an average citizen. The speaker of this poem is non-traditional as the poem is, in fact, an inscription on a â€Å"marble monument erected by the State. † The inscription is dedicated to a â€Å"JS/07 M 378†Ã¢â‚¬â€presumably, â€Å"The Unknown Citizen,† although this term only appears in the title. The Unknown Citizen is essentially an elegy, a lament for the dead, written by either a government official or a strong believer in the government. This becomes clear through the speaker’s repeated use of possession, such as in line 12, â€Å"†¦our Social Psychology workers found†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Our researchers into public opinion are content†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (22). These references establish the poem’s criticism of government manipulation and very closely mirror the same notions within the novel 1984. The speaker offers insight into just how severe this government infiltration is, mentioning an active â€Å"Bureau of Statistics† (1), a â€Å"Health-card† administered to all citizens (17), and personal information drawn from â€Å"†¦reports on his conduct†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (3). Another conflict that arises within the poem is that of a dominating middle class. The author defines the â€Å"Modern Man†Ã¢â‚¬â€which is also capitalized to represent a distinct faction—as one who possesses all the â€Å"necessities,† including: â€Å"a phonograph, a radio, a car, and a Frigidaire† (21). The poem becomes almost satirical here. The speaker continues, â€Å"He was married and added five children to the population†¦the right number for a parent of his generation† (25-26). The poet outlines society and the government’s idea of the ideal middle class modern man, however, with much irony. Regardless, with this elegy, the author intends to praise the life of the unknown citizen, but succeeds only in detailing the fact that his life was undisruptive and that he closely followed the expectations of a rigid society. Among his â€Å"praises,† for example: â€Å"When there was peace, he was for peace: when there was war, he went† (24). In this, it becomes clear to the reader that you do not want to be an average citizen; you do not want this to be your elegy. Some critics argue this, however, as Auden stating that there is nothing disgraceful in being unknown. The poem is, above all, a satire of the way conformity hinders the individual and leaves ridiculous and solely external distinctions between human beings. Auden presents an allegory in The Unknown Citizen that begins even before the poem itself. The phrase â€Å"Unknown Citizen† appears only once—in the title. This term is an immediate allusion to and parody of the â€Å"Unknown Soldier,† especially considering the details of who the poem is dedicated to and the fact that it is found on a marble monument, much like those one might expect to see in Washington, D. C. here the United States is home to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. The â€Å"Unknown Solider† is a soldier who cannot be recognized after being found in battle. This sometimes-controversial idea can be interpreted to mean that many people die as unknowns because they lived uninfluential lives. Aside from this large allegory, the poem uses only a few rhetorical devices. In line four, for example, â€Å"†¦in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint† is quite an exaggeration because being â€Å"one against whom there was no official complaint† is hardly saintly (2). Another example, in line 20, is â€Å"†¦had everything necessary to the Modern Man. † If this were not an exaggeration, it would be extremely disturbing to agree that all one needs are the classic symbols of a squeaky-clean 1930s home: a car, a radio, and a refrigerator. This 1930s theme continues in two particular allusions. In line eight, it is written that the citizen was employed by â€Å"Fudge Motors, Inc. † which closely resembles the automobile giant of both then and now, Ford Motors, Inc. , but is, through â€Å"fudge,† slightly more appealing. Next, in line 18, are mentions of the groups â€Å"Producers Research† and â€Å"High-Grade Living† which are likely allusions to Consumer Reports and Good Housekeeping, respectively. Both U. S. publications are tokens of a middle class, â€Å"perfect† society. The Unknown Citizen consists of both patterned meter and rhyme, however, both are inconsistent. The meter is loosely anapestic, meaning that each metrical foot consists of two unstressed beats followed by a stressed beat. Line one is an example of such: â€Å"He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be. † Other anapestic lines are scattered throughout the poem. The rhyme scheme begins as ABAB and then, in line 9, proceeds for some time in rhyming couplets. These patterns are occasionally broken, however. Consistent or not, this rhyme does create a sort of melodious sound while reading. Some lines even resemble the simplistic and song-like style of nursery rhymes. For example: â€Å"Yet he wasn’t a scab or odd in his views/ For his Union reports that he paid his dues† (9-10). This type of sound is rather merry and is a stark contrast to the less-than-celebratory subject matter, which is yet another development of irony. The poem, because of how it rhymes, is also highly particular, almost robotic or even â€Å"perfect,† which parallels to the citizen’s â€Å"perfect† life. Auden completes the poem masterfully by leaving two questions on the monument— questions that any reader would beg after such an elegy. The speaker asks â€Å"Was he free? Was he happy? † and is immediately defensive upon answering, an obvious tone shift. Although the speaker insists that â€Å"had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard† (29), it is impossible to trust a government that erects expensive marble statues in honor of nothing more than numbers, statistics, and the status quo.

Open Source Development Essay -- Open Source Development

1. Introduction This research project will explain in a clear manor what Open Source Development (OSD) is, the history and objectives of OSD, and how it is applicable to both home users and businesses. This project will also show the companies which use and develop Open Source and why Open Source is so important not only to businesses and people at home, but to us as computer scientists and how it will lead us further, farther, and deeper into technological advances in the software industry enabling us to grow and build a better future for computers and Development. â€Æ' 2. Management Summary This project provides an analysis of the current profitability and advantages of using Open Source Development in the business field as well as home use. The method of which these different software products were analysed were the history behind the products, how they were developed and how they are shown to flourish in their respective fields as opposed to closed Source products. The results of this can be shown in the use of the software in the current business fields where we can see that the software not only provides a viable alternative to their market competitors but it also shows that even in some fields that these products are the market leaders themselves. In this project you will find that using Open Source is an incredibly powerful reSource as these software projects are usually backed by large communities of people who are always trying to improve, fix and provide a constant ongoing technical support for these products. The recommendations you will find in this project include: †¢ Using Linux based Servers. †¢ Cheaper alternative desktop mailing software †¢ Using the osCommerce systems to help manage online shopping ... ...d David Diamond (2001) Just for Fun: The story of an accidental revolutionary. HarperBusiness 8.2 Website Resources History of the Mozilla Project 2014. Available from: http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/about/history/ [23 April 2014] About the Apache HTTP Server Project – The Apache HTTP Server Project 2014. Available from: http://httpd.apache.org/ABOUT_APACHE.html [23 April 2014] The Open Source Definition, Open Source Initiative 2012. Available from: http://OpenSource.org/osd [21 April 2014] History of the OSI, Open Source Initiative, 2012. Available from: http://OpenSource.org/history [22 April 2014] About us, The Linux Foundation 2014. Available from: http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about [23 April 2014] 8.3 Press Releases Page One PR, (2007). New Linux Foundation Launches – Merger of Open Source Development Labs and Free Standards Group.

Existentialism in the Stranger by Albert Camus Essay

As humans mature they start to realize that their life has almost always followed a basic routine from childhood till death. This is to go to pre-school, then middle school, then high school, then college, then get a job and get married. A critical tell-tale sign of maturity is when a person starts to take responsibility for their own actions and stops making excuses. Existentialism is a modern philosophical movement largely based on the theory that human existence is unexplainable, that the universe is indifferent and our free choice has a cause and effect to our consequences and that we our responsible for it. Albert Camus brilliantly demonstrates these existentialist themes in the short story â€Å"The Guest† and the novel The Stranger. Three key themes that are displayed in both these literature pieces are freedom, responsibility, and indifference of the world. Freedom is the basic principle on what democracy & the country of America is based upon. It also happens to be the root basis on existentialism and how all humans are capable of free choice, regardless of the circumstance. In The Guest the school teacher Daru is ordered to transfer a prisoner to police headquarters. In this situation it is presumed that Daru has no choice but to follow orders and take the prisoner, yet he states â€Å"every bit of this disgusts me, and first of all your fellow here. But I won’t hand him over. Fight, yes, if I have to. But not that. † (Camus) Disobeying orders, he firmly puts his foot on the ground and confidently states that he will not in fact deliver the prisoner. As he starts to walk with the prisoner he directs him, â€Å"Now look,† the schoolmaster said as he pointed in the direction of the east, ‘†there’s the way to Tinguit. You have a two hour walk. At Tinguit you’ll find the administration and the police. They are expecting you. â€Å"’†¦ Daru took his elbow and turned him rather roughly toward the south†¦ ‘†That’s the trail across the plateau. In a day’s walk from here you’ll find pasturelands and the first nomads. They’ll take you in and shelter you according to their law. â€Å"’ (Camus) This free choice is what separates us humans from animals and is the basis of our government. In The Stranger Meursalt gets involved in a conflict between Raymond and a man only known as â€Å"The Arab†. Meursalt restrains Raymond from killing the Arab only to return and avenge his friend by shooting, and killing the Arab. Meursalt did not have any serious reason to kill the Arab, but he had the mindset that life was pointless and he was living for no reason so he decided to do his friends dirty work. Before he kills the Arab â€Å"It struck me that all I had to do was to turn, walk away, and think no more about it. † ( Camus 38) This quote represents the idea of free choice. That he could have just walked away and nothing would have happened but he chose to continue with the murder. These two examples perfectly display how free will largely impacts our lives. One choice gave a man his freedom, while the other took away a man’s freedom. â€Å"With great power, comes great responsibility†. Although this quote comes from the famous comic book adaptation movie Spiderman, it is still regarded as a very important quote which is true in all aspects. As we grow up we start from having no power to slowly gaining power as we grow older. A key idea in Existentialism is that we are all responsible for our own actions, which is shown in everyday life. For example if a person commits armed robbery his punishment will be prison, as that is the result of the action he chose to perform. This is perfectly shown in both The Guest and The Stranger. In the guest Daru set’s his prisoner free and directs him towards both freedom and capture. The Arab however chooses to take responsibility for his actions â€Å"And in that slight haze Daru with heavy heart made out the Arab walking slowly on the road to prison. † (Camus) In The Stranger, Meursalt makes the conscious decision to kill the Arab and is willing to pay the consequences. He starts shooting the Arab and realizes that â€Å"each successive shot was another loud, fateful rap on the door of my undoing. † (Camus 39) This quote is textual evidence that Meursalt did know he was going to suffer from the aftermath and as he fires the shot each shot symbolically represents fate knocking on his door. He ends up paying for this by going to trial resulting in his eventual death; which he welcomes. These two people from their respective stories both commit murder and take responsibility for their decisions instead of fleeing from reality. The #1 cause in mid-life crisis’ are the realization that life is a routine and some people then choose to go out and do something wild or try to change their life, yet it all comes back to routine. As mentioned before, everyone in the universe usually follows the same process of school, job, wife, kids etc. Meursalt comes to terms with this and knows that the â€Å"the benign indifference of the universe† (Camus 154) will make everything always return to normal. After his mother dies and he talks to his boss about leaving he realizes that nothing will change, he will come back to work after his leave, and continue with regularly life as if nothing had changed. There might be some small changes but everything would be the same. He talks about death and he knows â€Å"I’d been right, I was still right, I was always right. I’d passed my life in a certain way, and I might have passed it in a different way, if I’d felt like it. †¦ What difference could they make to me, the deaths of others, or a mother’s love, or his God; or the way a man decides to live, the fate he thinks he chooses, since one and the same fate was bound to â€Å"choose† not only me but thousands of millions of privileged people who, like him, called themselves my brothers,† (Camus 151-152) This quote perfectly represents the existential idea of indifference as it Meursalt lives his life in a way that he could he have changed if he wanted to but it would have still been the same old song and dance. Death although it temporarily affects people does not linger, and people eventually move on. Although Meursalt had a strained relationship with his mother and seemed to be apathetic he not only concludes that this applies to him, but to everyone in the world. This epiphany is what largely convinces Meursalt to go live his life as he forms a relationship with Marie and starts to gain some experiences. He still seems to be apathetic as when Marie asks him if he loves her he says no and this relapse is the thought process in which he killed the Arab. These example define the theme of indifference of the universe and how it plays a large factor on how people decide to live their life. Existentialism ideas pop in and out of our lives very often and control the way people think. Albert Camus played upon these themes and put them into text to help us read and truly comprehend them. Free choice, responsibility, and indifference are all around us, and although some may be more important than others they still help keep our id in balance (Sigmund Freud). Free choice is our conscious mind and what is the most important thing to us, especially as Americans. Free choice is our input to society, whether be good. Responsibility helps keep free choice in check, as all actions have a cause and effect. Indifference of the world has a subliminal input in our lives that may not be shown in everyday life but at certain parts of life. These three ideas are large parts of our lives and how we choose to live it every single day.

Howard Zinn and the Us Constitution

The late Howard Zinn is a much respected historian. His views are known to be bold and nonetheless controversial. In his book, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States,† Zinn touches on topics such as indentured servants, angry civilians, and the United States Constitution. Indentured servants were people of a lower economic class who worked for people of a higher economic background. These servants worked for a given amount of time, usually between five and seven years and either worked for money, food, shelter, or freedom.Indentured servants were originally made up of mostly young white males who were trading their time in prison or their poverty for time working as a servant. The number of indentured servants began to decrease and soon after English colonists looked for other potential people to enslave. The Virginia colony needed labor. They needed to grow corn for subsistence, and needed to grow tobacco for export because they had just learned to grow tobacco. Virginia couldn’t make the Indians work for them like Christopher Columbus had done in the past. The colonists would be outnumbered if they decided to try to take over the Indians even though they were equipped with firearms. The Indians were resourceful, defiant, tough, and practically fearless. The colony needed an alternate choice. African slaves were the answer to Virginia’s labor problem. Blacks had already been imported as slaves to South America and the Caribbean to Spanish and Portuguese colonies.The blacks made enslavement easier because of how hopeless they were. They were robbed of their homeland and culture and in most cases they were separated from their families. Zinn referred to the slavery against the blacks to be the cruelest form of slavery in history. The British were taxing the colonial population to pay for the French war. Many colonists did not agree with the Stamp Act and wanted it repealed.That summer, Ebenezer Macintosh, a shoemaker, led a mob in destroying the house of a rich Boston merchants like Andrew Oliver and Thomas Hutchinson. Rioters smashed up their houses with axes, drank all the wine in the cellars, and looted the houses of the furniture and other objects. English officers reported these acts to be a part of a larger scheme in which the houses of 15 rich people were to be destroyed. The riots against the Stamp Act swept Boston in 1767.It took the Stamp Act crisis to make the leadership aware of its dilemma. After the riots a town meeting was arranged and mainly upper and middle class citizens were allowed to attend. Zinn argues the Founding Fathers, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton, may have had ulterior economic and class preservation motivations that were hidden by the universal language of the constitution document.Zinn also argues that the rich, in order to secure their own interests and economic status, must either control the government directly or control the laws by which government operates. Zinn often refers to the views and writings of historian Charles Beard. Beard studied the economic backgrounds and political ideas of the fifty-five men who gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 to draw up the constitution. In his findings a majority of them were lawyers by profession, most of them were wealthy due to land, slaves, manufacturing, or shipping.Half of them had money loaned out at interest, and that forty out of fifty held government bonds according to the records of the treasury department. Beard also found that most of the makers of the constitution had some direct economic interest in establishing a strong federal government. Beard did not think the constitution as written to benefit the Founding Fathers personally. The problem of democracy in the post- revolutionary society was not however the constitutional limitations on voting.It lay much deeper beyond the constitution in the division of societ y into rich and poor. The constitution then illustrates the complexity of the American system: that it serves the interests of wealthy elite, but also does enough for small owners, for middle-income farmers and mechanics to build a broad base of support. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury and one of the Founding Fathers, believed that the government must ally itself with the richest elements of society to make itself strong.

Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Example

Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Example Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Strong emotional impact on audience Essay Choose a production you have seen during your course, which made a strong emotional impact on audience. Discuss in detail one scene or section that made an impact on you. You will need to refer to the activity on stage, the audience reaction possible lighting, sound, set design or custom.  I have chosen to write about the production Blood Brothers by Willy Russell due to the reason I have been studying the story as a section in my course.  The scene that I shall be discussing is the very last scene in which Mickey is seen to have a lot of anxiety towards Linda and Eddie. Mickey has a lot of anger and range as he has just seen Linda his wife and his best friend Eddie kiss. The scene begins in the setting of the town hall were Eddie the rather successful one is holding a meeting with two councillors. He is dressed up smartly due to the job he does this conveys his status which is also ironical due to the fact that his blood brother Mickey is not very successful in life. The scene continues with Mickey who enters erratically interrupts him. Mickey is breathing awkwardly this make the audience unsettle as the way they have seen Mickey as a child, is a change as you see someone completely different at the end than you saw at the begging as a load playful child. The lighting is quite bright and concentrated on the main stage and characters. There are no other sound interruptions as this helps the audience pay attention to what is being said on stage. Mickey pulls out a gun, which shocks the audience and also Eddie as it is intended for him. The audience is becoming more aware of the situation and how it may end. The audience has already reached an emotion point due to the past events that have made the audience more intact with the story. The audience are always aware that it will not be a happy ending as the Narrator has pointed out in his singing. I think that this scene conveys how a child can be affected by society. Taking Mickey as an example of the child and his family and friends and the way he has been treated by the law is the society. This is why Mickey is so angry. Edward and Mickey argue for a while. Edward is clearly treated by Mickey but is also trying to keep him calm.  Mickey is outraged and talks about how Lindas child could have been Eddies. Mickey is confused and this is portrayed to the audience by there is continues pauses between his speech. Mickey is lower status than Eddie due to the fact that Mickey is wearing jeans and a black casual jacket. A person dresses according to there lifestyle as Mickey does not have a lot of money he wears what is comfortable to him. Eddie has a career that demands him to be smart he is also paid for being smart this shows how status is reflected in different types lifestyle. There is a lot of tension in the room the audience feel sorry for Mickey but are also concerned for Eddie. Mickey is rather pale at the end due to the fact that he has been though a rather depressing period in his life and this has drained all of the life out of him. He is very nervous he occasionally shaking his gun shows this. All of these factors combined give two views to the audience that Mickey is the hopeless one and that Eddie is more enhanced one this is why the audience understand what has pushed Mickey so far that he is in the position of killing his brother. The character of Mickey says I stopped taking the pills he is implying the anti-depressant pills this shows that at one point Mickey felt as though he had hope and it has all now gone. Edward tries to keep quite as he tires not to be noticed by Mickey too much. Eddies hand gestures are small and he does not move around the stage too much he stand in a position pleading with Mickey. On the other hand Mickey is fuming around the stage he is thinking to him self as well as confronting Eddie. I think that the characters are positioned in such an opposite way because they try to portray that they are so unalike. When the police enter from the two stage doors situated in the audience this grabs the audiences attention. I think that this was cleverly done as the audience now feel as though there are in side the scenes they are actually apart of what is going on. The entrance of the police is unexpected therefore the result is that the audience are on edge of there seats. The voices of the police are extra load as the officers have a mega phones. There is a lot of commotion due to this the police plead with Mickey. In this scene there is a set above the stage where Mrs Johnston is watching I think this shows how the mother wants to be there for both of her sons. Mrs Johnston is worried about the outcome throughout the play he had a guilty conscience she knows that something like will happen.

Definition and Examples of Contact Languages

Definition and Examples of Contact Languages A contact language is a marginal language (a type of lingua franca) used for purposes of basic communication by people with no common language. English as lingua franca (ELF), says Alan Firth, is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (1996). Examples and Observations Ancient Greek around the Mediterranean basin, or later Latin throughout the Roman Empire, were both contact languages. They tend to vary in use in different local contexts, and there is often a great deal of local language interference. Latin, for example, later developed many local forms which eventually became French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and so on. The contact language usually dominates in situations in which the speakers of that language have military or economic power over other language users. . . .When the contact between groups of people is prolonged, a hybrid language can develop known as a pidgin. These tend to occur in situations where one language dominates, and there are two or more other languages at hand.(Peter Stockwell, Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)The most often cited example of a (bilingual) mixed system is Michif, a contact language that developed in Canada between French-speaking fur traders and their Cree-speaking wive s.(Naomi Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved. Routledge, 2001) English (or ELF) as a Contact Language- English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) refers, in a nutshell, to the worlds most extensive contemporary use of English, in essence, English when it is used as a contact language between people from different first languages (including native English speakers).(Jennifer Jenkins,  English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Routledge, 2013)- ELF [English as a Lingua Franca] provides a kind of global currency for people from a great variety of backgrounds who come into contact with one another and use the English language as a default means of communication. ELF as a contact language is often used in short contact situations, such that fleeting English norms are in operation, with variation being one of the hallmarks of ELF (Firth, 2009). Thus ELF does not function as a territorialized and institutionalized second language, nor can it be described as a variety with its own li terary or cultural products, as is the case with the English language used for instance in Singapore, Nigeria, Malaysia, or India, where WE [World Englishes] have emerged in different ways from much longer contact situations.(Juliane House, Teaching Oral Skills in English as a Lingua Franca.  Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language, ed. by  Lubna Alsagoff et al. Routledge, 2012) ModificationsA very naive view of language contact would probably hold that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. . . . A probably more realistic view held in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through contact.(Peter Siemund, Language Contact in Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. by P. Siemund and N. Kintana. John Benjamins, 2008)

People Resourcing and Development Unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People Resourcing and Development Unit - Essay Example PAs can be used for development with proper manager training and with employee involvement at each stage of the evaluation process. Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1 2. Benefits of Performance Appraisals 1 3. PAs as control mechanism 1 4. Drawbacks of the feedback system 3 5. Multi-source approval 3 6. PA system can be used for development 4 7. Conclusion 4 References 5 1. Introduction Employee development is a key activity of human resource management and focuses on the process of developing people within organizations. However, organizations oscillate between development and control – the two opposed sets of motivations. The delivery of effective people development process requires effective performance appraisal mechanisms. The traditional approach has been to achieve efficiency by imposing management control but over time it has been found that such an approach is counter-productive (Meyer 1991). In fact most researchers find that performance appraisals are disliked by b oth subordinate and managers alike. For some the process can be unnerving and a frightening experience which can lead to tension between the supervisor and the subordinate (Schareder, Bectorn and Portis 2007). The motivation to control employees manifests in performance management and in performance-related-pay, believe Hendry et al (2006). Performance appraisals (PAs) are primarily meant for development but the system is misused because people are seen as ‘human resources’ rather than resourceful humans, argue Hendry et al. According to Caulkin (2001, p.32) how organizations manage and develop people has a powerful effect on overall performance (cited in Torrington, Taylor and Hall, 2008). This paper will argue that performance appraisal as used by organizations is a means of controlling, not developing employees in modern work place. 2. Benefits of Performance Appraisals Performance appraisals had become institutionalized during the Industrial Revolution when it becam e necessary to monitor the organizational output (Kondrasuk 2012). It is generally assumed that employees would not like to be monitored but assisted to achieve performance goals, because in the words of Grubb (2007) performance appraisals are meant to engage, align and coalesce individual and group effort towards continuous achievement. Appraisals help identify and correct disparities in performance. The main objective of PAs is to compare between the performance expected from the organization with the performance achieved by the individual (Giangreco, Carugati, Pilati and Sebestiano 2010). PAs reduce employee uncertainty as communication occurs between the manager and the employee. PAs enhance motivation and performance while reducing role ambiguity (Pettijohn et al. 2001). Reduced role ambiguity results in commitment, satisfaction and reduced turnover. Davis and Landa (1999) link appraisals to succession planning, to compensation and promotion decisions. It also provides systemat ic judgment to the organization for salary increases, while making the employee aware of the needed changes in his attitude, behaviour or job knowledge (Obisi 2011). However, all these benefits cannot be achieved if PAs are used as control mechanism. 3. PAs as control mechanism Performance appraisals conducted in the traditional manner have been found to be authoritarian (Meyer 1991). PAs inevitably highlight poor performance (Kondrasuk 2012) and