Adoption of Biometric System to Control ATM fraud Essay

Selection of Biometric System to Control ATM extortion - Essay Example Anticipating got notification from you and band together with you in giving business arrangements that offer an incentive to your clients. Yours steadfastly, Head of Business Security Systems Practical proposition about ATM misrepresentation Introduction Fraud endeavors focusing on Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) cards are on the ascent. Skimming is one of the methods utilized by crooks for this situation where they output or duplicate individual data from the attractive portion of a Mastercard or ATM card. With this data, all the fraudsters need is phony ATMs and utilize the Personal Identification Number (PIN) to get to one’s financial balance and dupe clients. This has gone to the degree of bank-claimed ATMs with the ongoing level of this crime going as high as 24% in Europe (Abagnale 89). The demonstration is regularly executed by techno-insightful people, where they utilize a microchip fixed at an ATM or cardholders which duplicates data from the attractive strip for all the cards that are being utilized on a given machine. The data is then replicated and imprinted on counterfeit cards. This has driven nations like Canada to receive more security for their ATM cards. A run of the mill model is the utilization of chip-and-PIN platinum cards which have more assurance as an additional layer of chip material. Cards created through this innovation are difficult to duplicate consequently decreased misfortunes because of card skimming (Bianchini et al., 233). Business exchanges world over are progressively being settled utilizing cards rather than money based repayments and in this manner, without grasping imaginative advancements that plan to forestall extortion than location, card guarantors and clients will stay defenseless. As utilization of cards increments, so are ATM Fraudsters. Most card guarantors principally banks keep on causing immense expenses in wording pay, card substitution, and cost of putting resources into misrepresentation counteractio n and location instrument. In this manner, there is a requirement for card guarantors to be on top of things by enhancing and receiving far close to extortion confirmation innovations (Newman, 3-4). Proposed Solution Since the chip-and-PIN isn't idiot proof, we have to utilize the utilization of progressively advanced advances. One such innovation that has stood the trial of time is the biometric innovation, which includes robotized recognizable proof and information catch (AIDC). The framework has robotized strategies for confirming the personality of people utilizing physiological credits rather than the chip and PIN, which includes manual entering in of data on a console. Typically, the innovation works by catching the physiological or conduct attributes just because which is then put away in a focal database. Data recorded may incorporate facial properties or fingerprints. Each time a client gets to a state of administrations, introduced gadgets catches, checks and recognizes th e individual and afterward gives them get to. Since it is practically difficult to imitate one’s physiological qualities, this innovation is more prescribed to card guarantors. The innovation has been tried in both private and open establishments with wonderful achievement. Actually, most associations are currently moving towards appropriation of this technology.â

Advertising Strongly Persuasive or Nudging. Loyal and Switcher Customers

Promoting might be both unequivocally enticing and bumping, contingent upon the picked crowd and the fundamental thought another publicizing effort needs to execute. Promoting is a methodology which applies to customers’ emotions.Advertising We will compose a custom evaluation test on Advertising: Strongly Persuasive or Nudging. Faithful and Switcher Customers explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is convincing when it is aimed at the switchers, individuals who either have never utilized the results of a particular organization, or who don't utilize it continually. A similar promoting effort might be prodding for the individuals who have been utilizing the results of the organization continually. Clearly two various types of clients, loyals and switchers, ought to be impacted by methods for promoting in two unique manners. The exploration led in the circle of client disposition to various brands with the reason to comprehend companies’ cost limited t ime choices has permitted us to make various significant ends. Most importantly, when brands have high number of steadfast clients, they offer high scope of cost and higher ordinary cost. Second, in the event that when various switchers are low, the solid brands utilize higher normal relative profundity and the other way around. Third, having low client reliability, brands attempt to advance their items progressively visit (Jing Wen 2008). Portions of Loyal Customers It will be right to state that most clients are multibrand purchasers, however, simultaneously, it has been seen that numerous individuals guarantee that they purchase the results of a particular brand. On the off chance that to consider the dedicated customers’ division from the time point of view, it tends to be expressed that practically all seem, by all accounts, to be 100% loyals in a week and even in a month. About 10% stay 100% loyals in a year time point of view (Barnard Ehrenberg 1997, p. 3). Considering loyals’ division, we should contact the issue of devotion conceptualization. Clients become faithful in three reasons, (1) positive essential demeanor, (2) uncovered conduct, and (3) buy circumstance (Uncles, Dowling Hammond 2003, p. 295). Fragment of Switcher Customers Switcher customers’ division is a troublesome undertaking, there is no reasonable writing proof which shows that such division is foundational, still, it is conceivable to make three distinctive subsegments which make switchers segmentation.Advertising Looking for evaluation on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deal sensitives. Individuals who purchase various things without being devoted to a particular name. Value sensitives. Cost is the primary movement for picking a thing. Changing starting with one brand then onto the next, clients simply attempt to purchase the thing they can manage. Private marks. Purchasing priva te marks, these individuals despite everything utilize fabricated items without separating brand names because of their insignificance for them (Barnard Ehrenberg 1997). Reference List Barnard, N Ehrenberg, ASC 1997, ‘Advertising: Strongly powerful or nudging?’, Journal of Advertising Research, January/February, pp. 1-10. Jing, B, Wen, Z 2008, ‘Finitely faithful clients, switchers, and harmony cost promotion’, Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 17, 3, pp. 683-707. Uncles, MD, Dowling, GR Hammond, K 2003, ‘Customer reliability and client devotion programs’, Journal of Consumer Marketing, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 294-316. This appraisal on Advertising: Strongly Persuasive or Nudging. Steadfast and Switcher Customers was composed and put together by client Haylie Olson to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Canadas Soldiers essays

Canada's Soldiers articles In spite of Canada's undeniable inconvenience given it's sizen just as the young and inability of it's troopers, Canada was consequently gone into worldwide clash close by the British in 1914. The given conditions lead to more than 60,000 passings all through the course world war one. Youthful Canadians were romanticized by the great and audacious picture of war painted by the British and Canadian Governments through war propaghanda. English Soldiers were viewed as more importnant the War exertion than the lives of Canadians and because of this youthful unpracticed Canadians skewered headed most significant British tasks and were yielded to ensure British warriors saved for later in the fights. After the incredible war had delayed for over two years, Britain sought her Empire for troops for the combat zone. Most nations like Canada had sent volunteers, anyway the interest for troopers far exceeded the deliberate aggregates. The Canadian parliament discussed embracing enrollment, and the master Empire assessment in English Canada was solid and on the side of induction. Anyway there was a solid development in Quebec against induction given the Contribution Quebec had all prepared given to WW1. ... <!

Internal and External Constraints Affecting Top Gear plc Essay

In this assignment I will talk about the numerous challenges confronting Top Gear plc and the inside and outer requirements that may influence the organization. I will likewise incorporate imperatives that the Personnel Manager should remember when he is planning work ads, and, use guides to show how these limitations will influence the leaders of Top Gear plc. I will examine inside imperatives first and later proceed to talk about the outer requirements that influence both Top Gear plc and the Personnel Manager. While setting up an occupation notice the Personnel Manager should take a gander at a few interior imperatives before hand. One thing the Personnel Manager may do is check there is really a vocation for another worker or that another representative is required. There is no reason for enlisting more representatives if there are as of now adequate representatives to do the measure of work that should be finished. He will likewise need to take a gander at the installment of new workers. The Personnel Manager should talk about this with the chief of the office hoping to enroll new workers, or whichever division is paying for the newcomers, and see whether their financial plan can bear to pay for a newcomer. Another territory the Personnel Manager would need to consider is whether the organization can oblige new workers. For instance if the activity required an office to work from, and Top Gear plc didn’t have any workplaces remaining, they would be not able to oblige another worker. Likewise the organization might be required to have parking spots for every individual employee’s. Likewise the Personnel Manager would need to look at if there are sufficient assets for a newcomer to complete the activity they have been employed for. In the event that Top Gear plc employed somebody to make conveyances, and afterward discovered they needed more vehicles for the newcomer and existing staff, they would be paying for somebody who was sitting idle. The Personnel Manager would likewise need to consider, if there were a lacking measure of assets, regardless of whether it would be cost-full of feeling to purchase a greater amount of the necessary assets or whether it is less expensive to not enroll any new representatives. Another limitation might be that the organization utilizes an expert sort of gear or programming bundle and the Personnel Manager would need to incorporate this as a component of the activity commercial. For instance, Top Gear plc may utilize a specific illustrations bundle when structuring new garments, thus, new workers engaged with the plan branch of Top Gear plc would need to have the option to utilize that specific designs bundle. In the event that they couldn't utilize the illustrations bundle, at that point they would require preparing and this would cost more cash, and, if Top Gear plc was just hoping to enroll one worker it might be viewed as an exercise in futility and cash to prepare one individual representative. Inner requirements likewise influence different territories of the organization. One occasion in which the chiefs of Top Gear plc will need to bring interior limitations into intense thought will be the point at which they put their concept of acquainting a site with the organization into training. Top Gear plc should select new individuals and purchase new hardware to utilize and keep up the new site and different things related with the presentation of the site, for example, more vehicles for the normal additional conveyances. Additionally newcomers, and current representatives, on the off chance that they are to be utilized, should have the correct aptitudes and capabilities required to make the new site work. These are only a couple of the interior requirements that would almost certainly influence an organization, for example, Top Gear plc. There are additionally numerous outer limitations influencing organizations, for example, Top Gear plc. While setting up work notice the Personnel Manager will likewise need to contemplate a few of these. A portion of the significant imperatives that should be centered around are remembered for Employment Legislation. Such enactment incorporates Acts, for example, the Health and Safety at Work Act, Race Relations Act, Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act. These imply that the Personnel Manager can't be either misogynist or bigot in his commercial and that he should be cautious that he doesn’t coincidentally produce an advert containing whatever could be deciphered just as he was being supremacist or chauvinist or segregate to other such people as crippled individuals. The Personnel Manager must ensure the installment for the activity is reasonable else he is conflicting with the Equal Pay Act. In the event that one individual is being paid à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½500 every month in Top Gear plc and an occupation opening shows up for somebody to do a similar activity for just à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½400 this would be out of line to the new worker. It is far-fetched a worker would work for less cash than somebody doing likewise work and would be an ill-conceived notion to pay them less as Top Gear plc would stumble into difficulty and would before long wind up with one less representative and another opening. Nature were the organization is based will likewise have an effect on the organization. In the event that Top Gear plc were situated in a region with high business, for example, London, the odds of getting a high talented laborer for a low installment are very thin as there will most likely be numerous different occupations that are happy to pay more to have exceptionally gifted representatives, so the Personnel Manager should mull over this when choosing and distributing the sum which the activity will pay. On the off chance that the opportunity requires new workplaces to be manufactured, or an extension of industrial facility space, Top Gear plc should stick to neighborhood government arranging guidelines and may likewise bother some nearby ecological weight bunches which will attempt to stop the new structures being constructed. The Directors, just as the Personnel Manager, would need to choose whether it merits having new structures, or current structures expanded, and whether the chance of causing nearby constrain gatherings to make a move against the organization is likely. Top Gear plc need to have a decent notoriety. On the off chance that natural weight bunches make a move against the organization it will ruin Top Gear plc’s notoriety and development would be eased back if not totally halted as the individuals whine about the organization. Other weight gatherings will likewise be considered in choices of the organization, for example, Trade Unions and Consumer Groups. Top Gear plc won't need Trade Unions making a move against them so they will presumably utilize individuals to ensure the workplace is as protected and as reasonable as could be expected under the circumstances with the goal that Trade Unions are cheerful. Buyer Pressure gatherings will likewise be mulled over thus Top Gear plc will put forth a valiant effort to ensure items comply with Consumer Legislation, for example, the Trade Descriptions Act, Sale of Goods Act and the Weights and Measures Act. This implies products sold by Top Gear plc must be as depicted, be liberated from any deformities, be of a tolerable merchantable quality and must be the right estimation named on them. The Finance division additionally have certain outside imperatives, for example, Taxes. There are many duties including organization duty and VAT. Top Gear plc needs to pay these expenses on the benefit they make, the things they purchase, for example, hardware, vehicles and so on. Top Gear plc can guarantee VAT once again from customs and extract. The Finance office will likewise need to take trade rates and financing costs into thought when purchasing or selling things abroad or when taking out advances or other such borrowings. A major outer requirement is rivalry. The Personnel Manager may need to consider while setting up an occupation ad as though a contending organization additionally have an opportunity for a comparable employment they may attempt to cause their business to appear to be increasingly alluring by offering better installment, better rewards or other such things. The Personnel Manager may consider and attempt to make the activity sound as fascinating as could be expected under the circumstances. Rivalry will likewise influence the costs Top Gear plc sells its items at and might be the reason at a decrease in costs as Top Gear plc are contending to have a greater number of clients than different organizations. In end there are numerous kinds of inside and outer imperatives that influence any organization particularly one like Top Gear plc. The Personnel Manager will have numerous limitations to consider while getting ready for the ad and must ponder what is incorporated inside his last notice. The executives of Top Gear plc, who are the fundamental leaders, will likewise expected to put a great deal of thought toward outer imperatives additionally as an inappropriate choices could mean fiasco for the organization.

Commercial Contracts Under Nigerian Legislation

Business CONTRACTS UNDER NIGERIAN LEGISLATION Introduction An agreement is an understanding which is legitimately authoritative on the gatherings to it and which whenever broken might be upheld by activity in court against the gathering that has broken it. An agreement might be void or voidable. A void agreement is what comes up short on the fundamental fixings or components of legitimate agreement and along these lines of no lawful impact. A voidable agreement is what is substantial in any case however might be finished at the occurrence of one of the gatherings to it.Such contracts incorporate assurance with a bank of cash moneylender, recruit buy and deal or renting of land. The legitimate results of resistance are that they are not enforceable at law however they are not really void. Notwithstanding, a few classes of agreements should of need be recorded as a hard copy or probably they will be void completely. These incorporate exchange of offers, marine protection and recruit bu y understandings. When in doubt additionally, all agreements are in the idea of understanding: be that as it may, not all understandings may comprise an agreement appropriately so called.For occasion, an understanding for the offer of a package of land is planned to be official and enforceable at law, though, a solicitation to a lunch meeting which all things considered, didn't hold may not be enforceable at the suit of the disillusioned party. An agreement may likewise be under-seal or by deed and might be basic or oral. It might be express when it is composed or suggested when it is deduced from the lead and demonstrations of the gatherings. Likewise, there can be two-sided contract between two gatherings or multi-sidelong agreement among parties relying upon the idea of commitments to be performed under the agreement.Condition and guarantee are the two essential kinds of express terms in an agreement. Regardless of whether a term is a condition or guarantee relies upon the expect ation of the gatherings. A condition is an imperative term which goes to the foundation of the agreement. Break of a condition qualifies the blameless party for deny the agreement and to guarantee harms. A guarantee is a term which is auxiliary to the primary reason for the agreement, penetrate of which just qualifies the guiltless party for harms. Development OF A VALID CONTRACT The principle necessities of a legitimate agreement are as per the following: 1. there must be an offer; . there must be an acknowledgment; 3. there must be thought; 4. parties must have full legally binding limit; 5. there must be an aim to make lawful relations; 6. object of the agreement must not be unlawful nor illicit; 7. endorsed customs must be followed, for instance, it ought to be recorded as a hard copy or by deed. Types of Contract upheld by thought are basically expected to be recorded as a hard copy,. It is anyway critical to take note of that an agreement may likewise be oral or suggested but then be official on the gatherings relying upon the unconventional circumstances.The certainty remains that an agreement may not be taken as being invalid or unenforceable for the minor actuality that it isn't in a composed structure. Te court would ordinarily not help any individual who was attracted into an oral understanding. Composing simply encourages the understanding or demonstrating of the details of the agreement excepting which it may not be such essential. In thinking about business contracts under Nigerian enactment be that as it may, we would assess three of such agreements which are: ? recruit buy; ?offer of products; ?office. Office CONTRACT IntroductionAgency is a relationship that exists between two people, one of whom explicitly or impliedly concurs that the other ought to speak to him or follow up for his benefit. The one that is spoken to is known as the head while the individual speaking to or following up for somebody’s benefit is called Agent. Organizat ion relationship includes the assent of the operator and the chief that one should represent the other. It consequently emerges from an agreement or understandings express or suggested. Ofodile v. Chinwuba Generally, the relationship of head and specialist may emerge in three fundamental manners: 1.By understanding , whether legally binding or not express or inferred in nature 2. By resulting approval by the head of the agent’s demonstration done for his sake, and 3. By activity of law under the tenet of need Whether or not an office relationship exists would to a great extent rely upon the genuine idea of the understanding and the conditions of the connection between the head and the specialist. In another vein, the law of organization comprises of the law of the business and the utilized, where the work comprises of carrying the business into legally binding relationship with the third party.This relationship is essentially alluded to as â€Å"The Master and Servant† relationship under the work law and for which there is a vicarious obligation. An operator ought to be recognized for a self employed entity. A self employed entity is the individual who haggles with the outsider for his own sake. An autonomous contactor is an individual obligated to give contract for administration while and specialist or worker renders agreement of administration. A self employed entity is by and by subject at law for his activities. A specialist isn't a trustee of the merchandise in his consideration not being the lawful owner.The degree or extent of the Agent’s circumspection is controlled by his principal’s directions. Legitimate title consistently stays in the head. An operator can along these lines not give great title without anyone else. Order OF AGENCY a. Specialist: This is somebody who has position to do some specific follow up in the interest of his head however not a ceaseless premise; for example, an extraordinary request to buy a house or a vehicle. b. General Agent: this is somebody who has capacity to represent his head in all issues including business or exchange, for instance a specialist or legitimate expert. . A Factor Agent: He is a specialist who sells or discards merchandise that are depended to him. His exercises are represented by the Factors Act 1889 (UK d. Specialist Agent: He haggles advertisement makes contract for the deal and acquisition of merchandise. Anyway not at all like a factor he isn't left possessing the merchandise. Run of the mill model is protection Brokers and Stock Brokers. e. All inclusive Agent: This is somebody who speaks to different principals in numerous parts of exchange. He is designated by a Deed under Power of Attorney and has wide powers. f.Mercantile Agent: He speaks to somebody in business and certain parts of exchange. Their obligations are pretty much like those of the factor specialist g. Salesperson: He speaks to a head in the removal of genuine properties. They are normally authorized to sell properties of Mortgagors who have defaulted in installment. Salesperson acts between the Vendor and the buyer. He gets commission and constantly offers to the most elevated bidder. h. Domain Agent: These arrangement in the securing of, valuation of a removal of properties i.Del-Credere Agent: This is a commercial operator who, regarding additional compensation, that is del-credere commission assurances to his central that the outsider with whom he goes into contract for the benefit of the chief will appropriately pay the total getting due under the agreement. As a result a del credere operator is a guarantee of the individual with whom he bargains. This is only a type of assurance which may not really be recorded as a hard copy so as to be enforceable at law. Making OF AGENCY It might be made in two expansive manners specifically: (a)Expressly and (b) impliedly a. Express Creation: . By deed †this includes giving an expert recorded as a hard copy wi th the important guidance and authentication provisos. That is guaranteed. This procedure is known as the conceding a Power of Attorney. 2. Oral guidance †This is office by arrangement, it manages express authorisation of the head to the operator to represent him b. Suggested Creation 1. Organization of need †This is made by demonstration of individual who regularly had no position however was constrained to sensible act to ensure the enthusiasm of the outsider particularly during a crisis circumstance. 2.Agency by Estoppel: †This is a sort of organization that can be gathered structure the lead of the gatherings. In the event that the circumstance that exists proposes that gatherings need to make an organization relationship, both of the gatherings is halted structure precluding the presence from claiming such a relationship. 3. Obvious Agency †This happens where a chief has not played it safe to forestall a circumstance where someone depicts himself as having c apacity to go about as his specialist. 4. Organization by endorsement †This happens where the chief having full information on the reality, acknowledges the advantages of the agreement went into by his obvious agent.Any act whether legitimate or unlawful might be approved given it isn't void. In the event that it is voidable it is as yet fit for being approved as long as it is legitimate. In Brook v. Niche where an operator manufactured his principal’s signature on a promissory note; it was held that the endeavor at sanction was void. The chief must have limit as at the date of the agreement. In Kelner v. Baxter where an advertiser attempted to endorse some pre-consolidation contracts it was held that he was unable to prevail as the agreements originated before the organization.

Getting Back to Normal

Getting Back to Normal It has been a rough couple of weeks in Boston and at MIT.   Wednesdays memorial service for Officer Collier has helped us to heal.   And tonight, well take another step in getting back to normal. Tonight is the annual MIT Spring Concert.   Every April, students bring a major musical act to campus for a huge concert. Going back half a century, the MIT Spring Concert has hosted some of the biggest bands ever, including the Grateful Dead, the Beach Boys, Aerosmith, R.E.M., and more. This years headliner is Macklemore.   You know, this guy: The concert will be in MITs Johnson Athletic Center.   The band Ra Ra Riot will open the show. While the Spring Concert is not the only venue for major bands on campus (e.g. Nirvana played at the annual Steer Roast in 1990), it has quite a list of bands that have played it: 2013: Macklemore and Ryan Lewis / Ra Ra Riot 2012: The All-American Rejects 2011: Jason Derülo / Janelle Monáe 2010: N.E.R.D. / Super Mash Bros. 2009: Ben Folds / Sara Bareilles 2008: Third Eye Blind / Howie Day 2007: Ying Yang Twins / Ozomatli 2006: CAKE / matt pond PA. 2005: Fabolous / Lloyd Banks 2004: Live / Slick Rick 2003: Jurassic 5 / OK Go 2002: Sugar Ray / Spin Doctors 2001: The Roots / Blues Traveller 2000: They Might Be Giants / Reel Big Fish 1999: Busta Rhymes 1998: Maceo Parker / Fishbone / Five Fingers of Funk 1997: Battle of the Bands (no headliner) 1996: Soul Coughing 1995: Sonic Youth 1994: Belly 1993: They Might Be Giants 1992: Violent Femmes 1991: Jesus Jones 1990: Psychedelic Furs 1989: ‘til tuesday 1987: Squeeze 1986: Ministry / Face to Face 1985: R.E.M. 1984: Cheap Trick / til tuesday 1983: The Tubes 1982: The Ramones 1980: Battle of the Bands (no headliner) 1977: Aztec Two-Step 1976: Don McLean 1975: The James Montgomery Blues Band 1974: Aerosmith 1973: Sha-Na-Na 1971: Chuck Berry 1970: The Grateful Dead 1969: Janis Joplin / Dave van Ronk / Chuck Berry / Julie Driscoll 1968: Jefferson Airplane 1967: The Brothers Four 1966: The Beach Boys 1965: The Rooftop Singers 1964: Maynard Ferguson 1962: Dakota Staton 1962: The Four Preps So, heres looking forward to a great concert and a great night at MIT.

Test Prep 101 Guide to the ACT English Section

Here’s What Students Need to Know About the ACT English Section By Master Tutor Are you preparing for the ACT this summer? Understanding the exam’s content, format, and strategies to maximize your performance on test day is important in order to make the most of your test prep and, in the end, reach your goal score. In my previous series I broke down each section of the SAT, including what to expect and what students can do to improve their performance on each of those sections. I will now do the same with the ACT, starting with the ACT English section. Overview The ACT English section layout has been innovative and influential in how the section tests for grammar, usage, and rhetorical skills, designed to imitate the sort of reading, writing, and revision work that students would be familiar with from school. The most distinctive aspect of the ACT English section is its two column flowing design, with the reading passage on the left and questions on the right. The following is an excerpt from a previously administered ACT test: The passage moves from top to bottom on the left and the questions on the right, with both sentences and corresponding questions aligned horizontally. The English section’s two-column format allows for a wide range of test questions such as punctuation, subject-verb agreement, word usage, idioms, redundancy, concision, or conventional style. Timing and Questions The English section’s two-column format can be a big help for many students, as it does mimic the sort of revision and composition skills honed in school. However, it can also be a source of anxiety for many test-takers because the section is composed of 75 questions in 45 minutes. Time is in very short supply, so it is all the more important that a student knows exactly what different sort of questions to expect, to be well used to reading them, and to have had enough practice with the questions in order to rely on one’s own ‘ear’ to notice aberrations or possible problems with a phrase or sentence as it exists in a given paragraph. The following is a typical breakdown of an English section’s 75 questions: English Content Number of questions Grammar/Usage 40 Punctuation 10 Misc. Grammar/Usage topics 18 Sentence Structure 11 Rhetorical Skills 35 Sentence/Paragraph Strategy 12 Passage Organization 11 Style 12 One key aspect of the English section that emerges very quickly is the heavy emphasis given topics that are not strictly grammatical; this is intentional on the part of the ACT, as the test is designed to test a student’s composition skills, not whether a student has memorized basic grammar rules. Questions that fall under ‘rhetorical skills’ are a vital part of doing well in the section; these questions can ask how well a certain sentence develops a topic in relation to the essay’s audience and purpose, or asks whether the essay’s author should add, revise, or delete a given sentence to fit in with the rest of the passage of paragraph. It’s important to understand every question on the English section through the lens of context: does this sentence fit in context with the paragraph? Does this verb fit in context with the subject of the sentence? Does a sentence fit in with the logical order of the argument in a given paragraph? This is motivated in part by what has been a generational shift in how writing and composition is taught in grade school, and in order for the ACT to make the case that a student’s performance in the English section will correlate to his or her reading and composition work in university. ACT vs. SAT The ACT English layout has also been influential in shaping the direction that the SAT has taken its redesigned Writing section. I’ve provided a flow chart below that highlights the way in which the SAT Writing section has evolved over time: What an uncanny resemblance to the ACT’s English section! Students deciding between or preparing for both the SAT and ACT test should be aware of the fresh and intentioned similarities between the SAT’s Writing and the ACT’s English section. Both tests ask that the student stand in as the editor of a given passage, and evaluate the relations between sentences and paragraphs. Context-based judgment is the most essential skill for both the ACT English and SAT Writing section. Students preparing for the ACT should take time to fully understand each of the test’s sections, content, and what they will need to do in order to improve upon their current scores. At, our team of expert tutors works to fully evaluate students’ skills and points of weakness in order to develop a test prep plan that will help them reach their academic and score goals. For more information on our tutoring and test prep services, contact us today. //